England advanced to the last 16 of the World Cup after a hard-fought 2-1 win over DR Congo, but their next challenge against Mexico at the iconic Estadio Azteca in Mexico City could be defined by something no amount of tactical preparation can fully neutralise — altitude.

The Estadio Azteca sits 7,220ft above sea level. At that height, lower barometric pressure thins the air, reducing the amount of oxygen that enters the bloodstream with every breath. Even elite footballers are not immune to the effects: elevated heart rates, shortness of breath, dehydration, and faster onset of fatigue are all documented consequences.

The most demanding place to play

Nigel Reo-Coker, the former West Ham midfielder who played in the 2015 Concacaf Champions League final at the Azteca for Montreal Impact, describes it in stark terms.