The Premier League has broken its own all-time summer spending record, with clubs across England's top flight collectively splashing £3.198bn on new signings — surpassing last summer's previous high of £3.14bn.

The record fell on deadline day when Iliman Ndiaye completed his move from Everton to Manchester City for an initial £60m, pushing total expenditure past the previous mark. The figure is nearly three times the £1.13bn spent just five years ago, according to data provided to BBC Sport by Paul Macdonald, founder of FootballTransfers.com.

Historic deals reshaping football's transfer landscape

Four of the 11 most expensive transfers in football history were completed this summer, with three of those involving Premier League clubs. Chelsea broke the British transfer record by signing Morgan Rogers from Aston Villa for £117m, while Manchester City spent £116m to bring Elliot Anderson from Nottingham Forest — the second most expensive British player ever.

Liverpool also made history, paying an initial £106m — potentially rising to £123m — to secure Bradley Barcola from Paris St-Germain, making the France forward one of the most expensive players in the game.

Among the other headline moves, Tottenham Hotspur signed Sandro Tonali in a club-record deal potentially worth £100m, before adding Mateus Fernandes from West Ham United for £85m and Savio from Manchester City for up to £85m. Manchester City also brought in Ayyoub Bouaddi from Lille for £85.6m, Arsenal secured Bruno Guimaraes from Newcastle United for £75m, and Manchester United completed a long-pursued deal for Cameroon midfielder Carlos Baleba from Brighton for £70m.

Outside the Premier League, only Yan Diomande's move to Real Madrid and Anthony Gordon's switch from Newcastle United to Barcelona fetched fees above £60m — a striking contrast to the English clubs' spending power. Remarkably, newly-promoted Ipswich Town have already outlaid more than Barcelona, AC Milan, Juventus, and reigning European champions Paris St-Germain.

Premier League clubs increasingly buying from each other

A notable trend this window is Premier League clubs turning to rivals within the same division. Some 38 percent of all fee-based deals this summer involved two Premier League clubs — up from 30 percent last summer. When lower-division English clubs are included, the figure climbs to 48 percent.

The net spend across the division still exceeds £1bn — the highest in Europe by a significant margin — even as some of the largest player sales have also originated from the English top flight. By contrast, the Bundesliga and Ligue 1 both posted positive net transfer balances this window.

Several factors appear to be driving the trend of clubs shopping domestically. Players already proven in the Premier League carry less risk than unknown quantities recruited from abroad. Last season's expensive arrivals from the Bundesliga, in particular, largely disappointed. There is also a widespread perception that clubs outside England inflate their asking prices the moment a Premier League club registers interest, given the enormous television revenues fuelling English football's spending power.